{"id":169,"date":"2014-04-24T08:03:50","date_gmt":"2014-04-24T08:03:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uahost.uantwerpen.be\/bdmp\/EncodingManual\/?page_id=169"},"modified":"2021-03-19T15:25:42","modified_gmt":"2021-03-19T15:25:42","slug":"elements-and-tags","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/general-remarks\/elements-and-tags\/","title":{"rendered":"Elements and Tags"},"content":{"rendered":"

Elements<\/h3>\n

Elements are the building blocks\u00a0of markup languages such as XML. This is an example of a text element:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[xml]\n<text>This is the text<\/text>[\/xml]<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

An element starts\u00a0with an opening tag (here: <text><\/code><\/a>), followed by its content (here: This is the text<\/strong>), and ends with a closing tag (here: <\/text><\/code><\/a>).<\/p>\n

\n

Tags<\/h3>\n

Tags mark the start and the beginning of an element. There are three types of tags: opening tags, closing tags, and milestone tags:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. An opening tag<\/strong> starts with an opening angled bracket (<<\/strong>), followed by the element's name (here: text<\/strong>), and ends with a closing angled bracket (><\/strong>).<\/li>\n
  2. A closing tag<\/strong> starts with an opening angled bracket and\u00a0a backslash (<\/<\/b>), followed by the element's name (here: text<\/strong>), and ends with a closing angled bracket (><\/strong>).<\/li>\n
  3. A milestone tag<\/strong> represents what is called an empty element<\/strong>: an element that does not have any content. These empty elements can be used to point to a specific point in the text, rather than to a selection of text. A good example of an empty element is the\u00a0one that represents a pagebreak: <pb\/><\/code><\/a>. A milestone tag starts with an opening angled bracket (<<\/strong>), followed by the element's name (here: pb<\/strong>), and ends with a backslash and a closing angled bracket (\/><\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    [table]
    \nNo.,type,description,example
    \n1,opening tag,opens an element,"<text>"
    \n2,closing tag, closes an element,"<\/text>"
    \n3,milestone tag, represents an empty element,"<pb\/>"
    \n[\/table]<\/p>\n

    \n

    Nesting<\/h3>\n

    Tags beget tags. In the following\u00a0example,\u00a0<text><\/code><\/a>\u00a0is what we call the parent tag<\/strong> of\u00a0<body><\/code><\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<body><\/code><\/a>\u00a0is the child tag<\/strong> of\u00a0<text><\/code><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    [xml]\n<text>
    \n\t<body>The body of the text<\/body>
    \n<\/text>[\/xml]<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \nImportant!<\/div>\n
    <\/p>\n

    For an XML document to work, it needs to be well-formed. That means that all child tags<\/strong> have to be properly nested inside their parent tags<\/strong> like Russian Matryoshka dolls<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/p>\n

    \nFor example:<\/div>\n
    <\/p>\n

    [xml highlight="3"]\n<text> <body><\/body> <\/text><\/p>\n

    is CORRECT[\/xml]<\/p>\n

    while:<\/em><\/p>\n

    [xml highlight="3"]\n<text> <body><\/text> <\/body> <\/p>\n

    is INCORRECT[\/xml]<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

    \nNB: If you nest your tags incorrectly, your XML-document\u00a0will produce an error when you try to visualize it in a browser.<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/p>\n

    \n

    <\/a><\/p>\n

    Validation<\/h3>\n

    While your XML will\u00a0work<\/strong> (i.e.: be able to be displayed in a browser without producing any errors) as long as it is\u00a0well-formed<\/strong>, it also needs to be valid\u00a0<\/b>if you want other people to be able to use and process it. In our case, because we work with TEI<\/a>-compliant XML, this means that our code will need to comply\u00a0to the TEI Guidelines<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    These guidelines do not only specify which<\/strong> tags we can use (e.g.: that <p><\/code><\/a> describes\u00a0a paragraph, or that <del><\/code><\/a> describes a deletion); they also contain a strict set of rules to\u00a0specify exactly\u00a0how<\/strong> we can use those tags. For example, they specify that the <body><\/code><\/a> tag (which represents a body of text) must always be the direct child of\u00a0a <text><\/code><\/a> tag. This means that<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    [xml highlight="8"]\n<TEI>
    \n\t<text>
    \n\t\t<body>
    \n\t\t<\/body>
    \n\t<\/text>
    \n<\/TEI><\/p>\n

    is CORRECT[\/xml]<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    while:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    [xml highlight="6"]\n<TEI>
    \n\t<body>
    \n\t<\/body>
    \n<\/TEI><\/p>\n

    is INCORRECT[\/xml]<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    To help you to follow these rules without having to look them up in the TEI Guidelines for every tag, we have decided to start de description of every tag with a table that contains that tag's validation information<\/b>.\u00a0Those tables should speak for themselves: every tag\u00a0must be<\/strong> the direct child of one of the tags in its\u00a0Contained by<\/strong> section, and every tag\u00a0can only be<\/strong> the parent tag of those tags specified in its\u00a0May Contain<\/strong> section. (The table also contains a list of the attributes that tag can contain, but we'll get to that in the next section when we're discussing Attributes and their Values<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

    The BDMP's full validation schema can also be downloaded from our Validation<\/a> page.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Elements Elements are the building blocks\u00a0of markup languages such as XML. This is an example of a text element: An element starts\u00a0with an opening tag (here: <text>), followed by its content (here: This is the text), and ends with a closing tag (here: <\/text>). Tags Tags mark the start and the beginning of an element. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":19,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-169","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/169","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=169"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/169\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2403,"href":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/169\/revisions\/2403"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bdmpmanual.uantwerpen.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=169"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}